Women’s Lives A PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLORATION
Women’s Lives A PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLORATION
Judith S. Bridges University of Connecticut at Hartford, Emerita
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First published 2013, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Published 2016 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY, 10017, USA
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ISBN: 9780205255634 (pbk)
Cover Designer: Suzanne Behnke
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Etaugh, Claire. Women’s lives : a psychological exploration / Claire A. Etaugh, Judith S. Bridges. — 3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-205-25563-4 ISBN-10: 0-205-25563-9 1. Women—Psychology. 2. Women—North America—Social conditions. I. Bridges, Judith S. II. Title. HQ1206.E883 2012 155.3′33—dc23
2011051405
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Chapter 1
Chapter 2
CONTENTS
Preface
Introduction to the Psychology of Women Definitions: Sex and Gender Women and Men: Similar or Different?
Similarities Approach Differences Approach
Feminism History of Women in Psychology
■ GET INVOLVED 1.1: How Do People View Feminism? Women and the American Psychological Association Women’s Contributions
History of the Psychology of Women The Early Years The Recent Years
Studying the Psychology of Women Bias in Psychological Research ■ GET INVOLVED 1.2: Are Samples in Psychological Research Biased? Feminist Research Methods ■ EXPLORE OTHER CULTURES 1.1: Doing Cross-Cultural Research on Gender Drawing Conclusions From Multiple Studies ■ LEARN ABOUT THE RESEARCH 1.1: Principles of Feminist Research
Themes in the Text Theme 1: Intersectionality: The Diversity of Women’s Identities and
Experiences Theme 2: Gender Differences in Power ■ WHAT YOU CAN DO 1.1: Help Empower Girls and Women Theme 3: Social Construction of Gender
Summary Key Terms What Do You Think? If You Want to Learn More Websites
Cultural Representation of Gender Stereotypes of Females and Males
The Content of Gender Stereotypes ■ GET INVOLVED 2.1: How Do You View Typical Females and Males? The Perceiver’s Ethnicity and Gender Stereotypes The Target’s Characteristics and Gender Stereotypes
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Chapter 3
Stereotypes of Girls and Boys Bases for Gender Stereotypes Stereotypes Based on Identity Labels
Sexism: Experiences And Attitudes Experiences With Sexism Changes in Sexist Attitudes Over Time Modern Sexism Ambivalent Sexism ■ GET INVOLVED 2.2: Who Holds Modern Sexist Beliefs? ■ EXPLORE OTHER CULTURES 2.1: Benevolent Sexism Is a Global Phenomenon
Representation of Gender in the Media Pattern 1: Underrepresentation of Females ■ GET INVOLVED 2.3: How Are Females and Males Portrayed on Prime- Time Television? Pattern 2: Underrepresentation of Specific Groups of Females ■ GET INVOLVED 2.4: Media Advertisements and the Double Standard of
Aging Pattern 3: Portrayal of Gender-Based Social Roles Pattern 4: Depiction of Female Communion and Male Agency Pattern 5: Emphasis on Female Attractiveness and Sexuality Impact of Gender-Role Media Images ■ LEARN ABOUT THE RESEARCH 2.1: Are Babies Portrayed Stereotypically in Birth Congratulations Cards? ■ WHAT YOU CAN DO 2.1: Increase Girls’ and Women’s Awareness of the Effects of Media ■ GET INVOLVED 2.5: Are Both Women and Men Persons?
Representation of Gender in the English Language Language Practices Based on the Assumption That Male Is Normative Negative Terms for Females Significance of the Differential Treatment of Females and Males in
Language Summary Key Terms What Do You Think? If You Want to Learn More Websites
Gender Self-Concept and Gender Attitudes Gender Self-Concept Prenatal Development
Stages of Prenatal Sex Differentiation Intersexuality ■ EXPLORE OTHER CULTURES 3.1: Multiple Genders
Theories of Gender Typing Psychoanalytic Theory
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